Medical Conditions and Procedures

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Achondroplasia Children born with Achondroplasia have a normal torso, a large head with a prominent forehead, and short arms and legs.

Although Achondroplasia can be inherited from a parent it is more usually caused by a new mutation of a gene on chromosome 4 (FGFR3).

The condition affects as many as one in every 20,000 births. It cannot be cured but surgery to increase height is an option in some cases.

For more information see: Achondroplasia UK

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Acne Acne is commonest in young people when they reach puberty. It occurs when hair follicles in the skin react to the oily substance called sebum, which is produced by the sebaceous glands. The hormone testosterone can trigger increased amounts of sebum which mixes with skin debris to block follicles and the skin becomes red and inflamed and unpleasant pus-filled spots appear.

Acne can clear up on its own or be treated. It can however leave a person with scarring, but this too may sometimes be treated with laser therapy. Although the condition affects as many as 80% of male and female adolescents it is not unusual for older people to be affected.

Additional information is available from a wide variety of sources such as NHS Direct and the British Association of Dermatologists (http://www.bad.org.uk/patients/leaflets/acne.asp)

For more information see: http://www.bad.org.uk/patients/leaflets/acne.asp

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Acrodysostosis A rare condition that affects the way some bones develop - usually the bones in the hands and feet, nose and jaw - where they mature before they are fully grown. Acrodysostosis may occur most often in the children of older parents.

Its cause is not yet known. People with acrodysostosis tend to have learning difficulties, with facial features such as a short nose, jutting jaw and an open mouth.

For more information see: BBC Health

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Addison's disease Underactive adrenal glands create low levels of adrenal hormones, leaving sufferers weak, tired and dizzy. Skin pigmentation, nausea, weight loss and craving for salt are among its other symptoms.

The disease affects both males and females. In infants and children Addison's disease appears to have a genetic cause. The adrenal glands fall victim to the body's own autoimmune reaction, which attacks and can ultimately destroy the adrenal cortex. In roughly 25% of cases affecting adults the adrenal glands are instead destroyed either by cancer or an infection (such as TB).

Addison's disease can be life threatening but results are usually good with early diagnosis and continuing treatment.

For more information see: Addison's Disease Self help Group

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Adenoids The Adenoids are lymph glands located deep in the nasal passages, above the throat. Although they can become enlarged before birth they more commonly do so as a result of infection and inflammation during early childhood, thus compromising their role in the body's immune system. The tonsils are usually affected too.

Most children seem to 'grow out' of the problems caused by inflamed adenoids, but in severe cases the adenoids can impede breathing sufficient to force the child to mouth-breathe instead. The severity of the infection can cause bad breath, a dry mouth and cracked and chapped lips. It may also affect the ears.

Antibiotics can help to reduce infection but an adenoidectomy to remove them altogether is the most effective way of eliminating problems. Surgeons will often remove a sufferer's tonsils at the same time.

For more information see: NHS Direct

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Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare kind of disorder called a leukodystrophy that affects the adrenal gland and the white matter of the nervous system in boys aged between 4 and 10 years.

The condition, which is inherited, is caused by a faulty gene that causes the myelin sheath covering the nerve fibres to be damaged progressively (demyelination). The nerves cease to function correctly and visual and auditory deterioration occurs, co-ordination suffers, and dementia and seizures follow. Within two years the sufferer will enter a vegetative state, followed by death.

There is as yet no cure for adrenoleukodystrophy. A less severe form called adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) can occur in older males.

* The Contact a Family web site mentions that trials with bone marrow transplantation have been found to be effective, but only in early cerebral ALD. Lorenzo's Oil has been tried but its effectiveness is not known.

For more information see:

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AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus) See HIV/AIDS for further information

For more information see: BBC Health

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Allergies Around a quarter of us are sensitive to allergens of one kind or another. The commonest environmental allergens are pollen and house dust mites; in foodstuffs, nuts can trigger profound allergic reactions.

The body's immune system can react wrongly to allergens and treat them instead as something more harmful. It releases antibodies as if to tackle an invading infection - it is these antibodies that cause the typical symptoms of sneezing, wheezing, itches and rashes - and the protein histamine is released into the blood, along with other chemicals. In mild cases a tablet or inhaler containing an antihistamine can relieve the worst of the symptoms.

A small number of people can be so sensitive to some allergens that they can experience anaphylactic shock, affecting blood pressure and causing breathing difficulties. An injection of adrenaline usually restores the balance quite swiftly.

For more information see: NHS Direct

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Alport syndrome Mostly caused by a gene (COL4A5) on the X chromosome, or by a gene mutation, the condition affects more males than females. The condition often makes its presence known during childhood, when spots of blood or protein may be seen in the urine.

Alport syndrome is relatively common (circa 1 in 5000 children) but can be difficult to diagnose because of similarities with other diseases of the kidney.

Strict control of diet and medication to reduce blood pressure may be employed to good effect, but dialysis and ultimately organ transplant can offer the best outcome.

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Anaemia Red blood cells manufactured in the bone marrow transport oxygen round the body in haemoglobin. If we do not absorb enough food containing iron our organs and tissues can be starved of oxygen. The commonest kind of anaemia is caused by simple iron deficiency.

Our bodies absorb iron best when our diets contain sufficient amounts of vitamin C.

Other forms of anaemia are caused by insufficient vitamin B12, which is more likely to affect older people.

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Angelman syndrome A rare neuro–genetic disorder caused by the absence of a gene on chromosome 15. People with Angelman syndrome (AS) may have a small head (microcephaly), learning difficulties, and epilepsy, and may be unsteady on their feet. AS people have a sunny disposition and are easily excitable, often flapping their hands.

Many will experience seizures from the age of three and others will experience sleep disturbance, a sensitivity to heat and will be greatly attracted to water.

For more information see: BBC Health

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Aortic stenosis is usually present at birth and in children is most often caused by a congenital heart abnormality. The aortic valve between the heart and the aorta (the body's main artery) is narrowed, thus forcing the heart to work harder to pump blood around the body.

Surgery can be performed to widen the aortic valve, or replace it altogether.

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Apert Syndrome Caused by a mutation in the FGFR2 gene on chromosome 10, Apert syndrome is unusual in that it appears to be linked to men - typically over 50 - who father children who inherit the condition.

The soft bones of the skull set too early and don't allow the brain to grow normally. The premature setting of the skull's plates varies from one child to the next and dictates the severity of the condition. The speed and the sequence of the plates locking together alters the way in which the skull becomes deformed, changes the shape of the head and face and causes the brain to malform. Other typical problems include cleft palate, eye abnormalities, low-set ears, breathing problems, learning disabilities, and others.

In addition, the skin and bones of the hands and feet bond together and often require surgery to separate them. The skull may have to be operated on several times during the child's early years in order to relieve pressure on the brain, and the shape of the face may be altered cosmetically.

For more information see: BBC Health

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Appendicitis Appendicitis is more common in children than in adults. It can be caused by infection or blockage and sometimes the cause is not obvious at all.

The appendix is a small sack attached to the colon. Infection or obstruction can cause the appendix to fill with pus, and the swollen appendix swells and can rupture. Appendicitis requires urgent medical treatment because its perforation can lead to serious, potentially fatal complications such as blood poisoning.

Appendectomy - removal of the appendix - is one of the most commonly performed procedures and its loss does not cause long-term harm to the body.

For more information see: BBC Health

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Apraxia (see also Dyspraxia) Dyspraxia describes difficulties with some complex actions. Ataxia describes complete loss of function.

Dyspraxia can affect a child's perception, language or the organisation of movement. It can be a cause of low self esteem and create difficulties with peers at school.

Dyspraxia - also known as Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD), Clumsy Child Syndrome, Minimal Brain Dysfunction, Motor Learning Difficulty and Pereceptuo-motor Dysfunction - has been used to describe difficulty in managing voluntary movements and Apraxia to describe total loss of control of voluntary movements.

A very young dyspraxic child may have problems rolling over or sitting. By the age of four or five they may be poorly organised, have difficulty writing and find PE and sports hard and embarrassing. In older children there can be additional hurdles and perception of risk and time can suffer.

The Dyspraxia Foundation can provide detailed information.

For more information see:

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Arthritis Arthritis is seen as a disease which affects older people, but children too can suffer from this painful and debilitating condition. Forms such as Juvenile Arthritis and Stills Disease can occur in children. High temperatures are a common symptom which can fall quickly only to rise again. Other symptoms include a salmon-coloured skin rash, plus joint pain, fatigue and a sore throat.

For more information see: Arthritis Foundation

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Asperger syndrome An autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), people with Asperger syndrome (AS) tend to be affected to a lesser degree than those diagnosed with typical autism.

Children and young people with AS are quite often of average or above average intelligence and do well learning facts and figures. They seem to enjoy seeking the company of others but then find social interaction difficult. Although those with AS can usually speak perfectly well they seem unable to comprehend the subtle nuances in the language and the non-verbal signals of others. They can be obsessive and can be unsettled by unexpected changes to routine.

Those more mildly affected by AS can do well at school, although relationships with peers can be problematic. Early diagnosis is key to the establishment of the right kind of support.

For more information see: The Asperger's Syndrome Foundation

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Asthma Asthma is a condition that affects airways in the lungs. These airways can become inflamed, constricted and blocked by mucus. With between five and six million people suffering from asthma in the UK alone, roughly one child in every eight is affected. Asthma can affect the young and the old. An attack causes wheezing, coughing and breathing difficulties. The condition can be chronic and in rare cases can lead to death, but there are numerous treatments for it including tablets and inhalers. Some are designed to treat an attack, others to prevent. A GP will often prescribe both types to a patient.

You can learn more about asthma and its control at the Asthma UK website: www.asthma.org.uk or at NHS Direct.

For more information see: www.asthma.org.uk

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Ataxia Ataxia causes problems with co-ordination and balance. Some types are inherited, others not. Inherited ataxia - of which there are several types - results from a genetic abnormality. Non-inherited ataxia can be a symptom of MS, alcoholism and several other causes including sensitivity to gluten and vitamin E deficiency.

The commonest type is Friedreich's Ataxia. The condition is incurable and early onset types usually make their first appearance in children and young people of school age (approximately four to 16 years). Unsteadiness and clumsiness lead to a progressive deterioration in walking and vision, speech and hearing may also suffer.

For more information see: Ataxia UK

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD and ADD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) are conditions that affect the attention span of children and are likely to affect more boys than girls. Some behaviours associated with ADHD may include restlessness and fidgeting, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. Examples of more extreme behaviour can include children being destructive and confrontational. Many have problems with learning and socialising and it is therefore important to have a medical diagnosis so the child can receive appropriate help and support.

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Autism and Autistic Spectrum Disorder Autism is a disability that affects a person's ability to communicate, understand language, play, and interact with others. Diagnosis can usually be made by the time a child is three.

Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a broader term used for people who display some of the features of autism, usually because of other disabilities or developmental problems. The behaviour, personality and abilities of a person with autism vary widely from high functioning and an ability to communicate verbally, to severe learning difficulties and echolalia (parrot-like repetition of words).

Further information can be obtained from medical websites such as the BBC, NHS Direct, or from the National Autistic Society - www.nas.org.uk

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Bell's palsy The cause is not known but a virus and infections by the herpes simplex virus or lyme disease are widely believed to be factors in Bell's palsy.

The facial nerve is weakened or paralysed on one side of the face and those affected can suffer a drooping eyelid and the mouth will droop on one side. Hearing can be affected (hypersensitivity) and the eye will weep and the mouth drool on the palsied side.

Anyone can be affected but people between the ages of 15 - 45 are more likely to experience it. People with weak immune systems, expectant mothers and diabetics also tend to be more vulnerable to Bell's palsy.

* Ramsay Hunt syndrome can also cause palsy during shingles.

For more information see:

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Bronchiolitis is caused in the main by the respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV, mostly affecting babies up to age one year. It is rare in children older than this. It presents initially with cold-like symptoms and progresses to a dry cough and slight breathlessness. Consult a GP as soon as possible and arrange treatment.

In worse and advanced cases the affected baby can stop breathing for long periods (apnoea), leading to signs of deterioration such as blue lips and drowsiness. Contact your GP as a matter of urgency or call NHS Direct on 0845 4647.

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Cancer Cancer in children is rarer than in adults. Around 1500 children a year are diagnosed with cancer in the UK. The most common types of cancer in childhood are leukaemia and cancer of the brain and spinal cord. In the past 40 years the number of children surviving most types of cancer has grown significantly.

Further information about all cancers is available from Cancer Research UK and from trusted websites such as BBC Health and NHS Direct.

For more information see: Cancer Research UK

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Chromosome Disorder There are 23 pairs of chromosomes which hold the genetic keys to all of the body's functions. A chromosome disorder is a term used to describe chromosomes that are broken or missing or where there may be extra chromosomes or copies.

There are too many disorders to name here and we advise you to look at the Patient UK website (http://www.patient.co.uk/display.asp?doctype=shelp&parent=16777266)

For more information see: Patient UK

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Cleft lip and palate Cleft means 'split' or 'divided'. During early pregnancy separate areas of the baby's face are formed individually and then join together long before birth. If some parts do not join together properly the result is a cleft. A cleft lip is an opening in the upper lip between the mouth and nose. A cleft palate occurs when the roof of the mouth has not joined completely.

For more information see: CLAPA

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Coeliac disease Proteins such as those in wheat (gluten), barley, oats and rye can cause reactions in children such as diarrhoea and poor growth and weight gain. The easiest way to prevent coeliac disease is to buy foods that don't contain the offending ingredients, but wheat particularly is found in the majority of processed foods, including soups and sauces.

In the affected child these proteins can cause the villi of the small intestine to become inflamed, damaged and unable to perform their food absorption role, leading to diarrhoea and even malnutrition.

If you believe coeliac disease is affecting your child, consult your GP. The condition can be controlled by avoiding processed food and bread.

For more information see: CORE

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Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) Babies with Cornelia de Lange syndrome are born small and do not grow at the same rate, or to the same size, as their peers. All children with CdLS have learning difficulties but these range from mild to severe (classical). it is caused by a mutation on chromosome five. It is unlikely to be an inherited condition.

Children with CdLS look remarkably similar and it is possible to confuse one affected child with another. It has been said that they all look like brothers and sisters. According to the Cornelia de Lange Syndrome Foundation the CdLS child has 'thin and downturned lips; low set ears; long eyelashes; and eyebrows that meet in the middle.' The foundation says that other characteristics include microcephaly (small head size) and hirsutism (excessive body hair). The limbs of nearly all the children affected are abnormal, ranging from very small hands to missing forearms.

The condition is rare and affects more than 300 individuals in the UK and thousands more worldwide.

CdLS is sometimes known as Brachmann de Lange Syndrome or Amsterdam Dwarfism.

For more information see: Cornelia de Lange Syndrome Foundation

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Costello syndrome (faciocutaneoskeletal syndrome) Costello syndrome, or faciocutaneoskeletal syndrome (FCS). is a most rare condition. There may be fewer than 200 with the condition worldwide. It is caused by a fault on the HRAS gene that plays a significant role in producing protein that helps to control the growth and division of cells.

Because of this some cells in the child with CS grow and divide unchecked in the form of cancerous and non-cancerous tumours. Despite this, infants fail to grow normally and development in sitting, crawling and walking will be delayed as will speech and language. Older CS children are sociable, loving and enjoy laughter.

Children with Costello syndrome typically are short, have loose skin around the neck, soles, and palms and fingers. heart defects are common, as are scoliosis.

The Contact a Family (CAF) web site is an extremely useful source of additional information.

For more information see: Contact a Family

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Cot Death Also known as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), cot death is the unexplained, sudden death of a baby, almost always at night and when asleep in their cot. There are theories about why cot death occurs, although no known way to prevent it. There are several things concerned parents can do to help reduce the risk of cot death, the incidence of which has fallen in recent years by around 75%.

For more information see: Babycentre

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Crohns Disease is an inflammatory disease affecting the gut and can cause diarrhoea, abdominal pain and weight loss. The disease can 'come and go', leaving sufferers symptom-free for a time and can then flare up again. The cause of Crohn's disease is unknown, but it tends to affect Europeans more than others. There are various medicines and dietary treatments available to help combat symptoms.

For more information see: Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis

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Croup (laryngotracheitis) begins with cold–like symptoms and is followed within 48 hours or so by a signature barking cough and rasping noise during inhalation (stridor). Laboured breathing and hoarseness are other features. Children with mild cases can expect to get over the worst of it in two or three days. Severe cases or those with the less common bacterial croup will experience breathing difficulties and may develop blue–tinged lips and drowsiness - this is a medical emergency. Do not try to examine the patient's throat yourself as this can cause spasm in the airway if the croup is complicated by the presence of epiglottitis.

Caused usually by a virus such as parainfluenza or more rarely through bacterial infection or even allergic reaction, croup in its severest form can be life threatening. Typical cases can be treated at home, although a GP should be consulted in the first instance.

Children between six months and three years are most likely to suffer from croup, although it can occur up to age five or six, and recur in those with asthma. It is unusual in adults. Symptoms of the milder forms can be eased by humidifying the child's room and treating with paracetamol (in liquid form for babies and young children).

For more information see: NHS Direct

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Crouzon syndrome affects the head and face (craniofacial dysmorphology) and in some cases affecting breathing, sight, hearing, gum and teeth, and brain development. The skull of the child with Crouzon syndrome is distorted by the plates fusing before the brain has started to grow. This distortion can increase pressure inside the skull and surgery may be needed to relieve this.

Typical signs include a prominent forehead, short beak–like nose, protruding widely spaced eyes, and a smaller than usual upper jaw and short upper lip. Hydrocephalus, deafness and optic nerve damage are other features. Slightly more than ten per cent of those with Crouzon syndrome have learning difficulties and fewer still have thick and pigmented skin.

The syndrome is genetic and some cases reported are inherited from a Crouzon father. The condition is rooted in the same gene as that causing Apert syndrome and is similarly linked to older fathers. There is no cure but surgery can help to alleviate some problems and to improve cosmetic appearance.

For more information see: Headlines - the Craniofacial Support Group

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Cystic fibrosis (CF) Cystic fibrosis is an inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and digestive system. The body produces unusually thick, sticky mucus which clogs the lungs and obstructs the breakdown and absorption of food.

The condition is inherited from both parents - around four per cent of people in the UK are carriers - and involves a faulty gene on chromosome 7. Newborn babies in the UK are routinely screened for CF.

For more information see: Cystic Fibrosis Trust

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Cystinosis The child with cystinosis inherits the condition from both parents, each of which has a faulty gene but does not suffer from the disease. Cystine is an amino acid made by cells but in cystinosis the acid accumulates within those cells, damaging kidneys, pancreas, the brain, eyes and muscles. If untreated it can cause renal failure.

Of the three types of cystinosis only infantile and late–onset cause problems for the affected child. The third type, benign, causes no remarkable ill effects, although photophobia - sensitivity to light - may develop later in life.

The

For more information see: Cystinosis Foundation UK

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Deafblind is the term used when a person has a deaf and blind impairment. German Measles (Rubella) contracted during pregnancy can cause deafblindness in the unborn child. Usher Syndrome is another, genetic disorder where a child is deaf and later loses its sight. Early intervention is vital to help develop the child's learning, communication and mobility.

For more information see: Deafblind UK

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Deafness is either part or full hearing loss. It is usually caused by problems in the ear but it can also be inherited and occasionally is due to abnormalities of the auditory system in the brain. Some illnesses cause damage which can lead to hearing impairment.

There are certain devices which can help some sufferers, such as hearing aids and cochlear implants, and some people can be trained to work with hearing-dogs.

For more information see: Royal National Institute for Deaf People

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Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) DRPLA is a progressive disorder of ataxia, choreoathetosis, and dementia or character changes in adults and ataxia, myoclonus, epilepsy, and progressive intellectual deterioration in children. The age of onset can be from the age of one although the mean age of onset of tends to be around 30. Clinical presentation varies depending on the age of onset. The cardinal features in adults are ataxia, choreoathetosis, and dementia. Cardinal features in children are mental retardation, behavioral changes, myoclonus, and epilepsy.

Diagnosis/testing. The diagnosis of DRPLA rests on positive family history, characteristic clinical findings, and the detection of an expansion of a CAG/polyglutamine tract in the ATN1 (DRPLA) gene. The CAG repeat length in individuals with DRPLA ranges from 48 to 93. Molecular genetic testing is clinically available.

Management. Treatment of manifestations: standard antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for seizures; appropriate psychotropic medications for psychiatric manifestations; adaptation of environment and care to the level of dementia; appropriate educational programmes for children.

Genetic counseling. DRPLA is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Offspring of an individual with a mutant allele have a 50% chance of inheriting the disease-causing allele. DRPLA exhibits significant anticipation: 28 years/generation with paternal transmission and 15 years/generation with maternal transmission. Prenatal testing using molecular genetic testing is available for fetuses at 50% risk.

Shoji Tsuj

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Diabetes Mellitus The two main types of diabetes are: Type 1 and Type 2. There is a third type, which can develop during pregnancy, known as Gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is caused by the body's inability to produce insulin. It is not as common as type 2 diabetes which happens when the body can only produce a little insulin, or when what it produces does not work properly.

Treatment and the management of diabetes differs with the type. Usually, diet, lifestyle, exercise and weight are most commonly looked at. Oral anti-diabetic drugs may be prescribed, or insulin therapy.

For more information see: Diabetes UK

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Down's Syndrome Down's syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. It is one of the most common conditions that cause learning disability and affects about 1 in every 1000 live births. About half of the babies born with Down's Syndrome will have heart defects. Some may also have hearing and/or visual problems, a thyroid disorder and respiratory problems. Some may not experience any health difficulties at all. There is a range of support and advice available to parents and professionals to help children with Down's syndrome to achieve their potential.

For more information see: Down's Syndrome Association

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Dyslexia Dyslexia is a life-long difficulty that can affect spoken and written language. The analysis, sequencing and organising of words can prove very difficult for a child with Dyslexia and that child may also suffer from Dyspraxia or Attention Deficit Disorder, although this is not always the case.

For more information see: British Dyslexia Association

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Dyspraxia (see also Apraxia) Dyspraxia describes difficulties with some complex actions. Ataxia describes complete loss of function.

Dyspraxia can affect a child's perception, language or the organisation of movement. It can be a cause of low self esteem and create difficulties with peers at school.

Dyspraxia - also known as Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD), Clumsy Child Syndrome, Minimal Brain Dysfunction, Motor Learning Difficulty and Pereceptuo-motor Dysfunction - has been used to describe difficulty in managing voluntary movements and Apraxia to describe total loss of control of voluntary movements.

A very young dyspraxic child may have problems rolling over or sitting. By the age of four or five they may be poorly organised, have difficulty writing and find PE and sports hard and embarrassing. In older children there can be additional hurdles and perception of risk and time can suffer.

The Dyspraxia Foundation can provide detailed information.

For more information see: Dyspraxia Foundation

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Eczema is a condition that can cause areas of skin to become red and inflamed, sore and itchy. It can cause blistering and flaking, weeping and even result in the area bleeding. The cause of eczema is not always easy to define and there are several different types including: Atopic, Seborrhoeic and Allergic contact.

Treating eczema is often successful. Most commonly prescribed are moisturisers and various medicines and complementary therapies.

For more information see: National Eczema Society

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Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) There may be over 30 types of epidermolysis bullosa and 5000 or more people suffering from it in the UK alone. The condition is inherited and can in its severest forms be fatal.

The layers of the skin are bound together, or cemented, by chemicals. In EB where those chemicals fail to function as they should, those affected can suffer blistering of the hands and feet in EB simplex to damage to the gut lining in junctional EB. Dystrophic EB can cause scarring of the hands and feet, limbs and face, as well as to the gut and can thus lead to disability.

There is no cure but an antenatal test is available.

For more information see: DebRA

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Epilepsy Epilepsy is a condition that causes a person to experience recurring seizures or fits. A seizure is caused by a sudden burst of excess electrical activity in the brain. This results in the brain's messages becoming mixed up. The cause of epilepsy is unknown in 6 out of 10 cases. However, epilepsy can be caused by life circumstances i.e. brain damage due to a difficult birth, a stroke, or a severe blow to the head. In most cases epilepsy can be controlled by medication and many children with childhood epilepsy will grow out of it.

For more information see: British Epilepsy Association

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Erythema infectiosum (Slapped Cheek syndrome) Also known as fith disease, is caused by parvovirus B19. Symptoms are usually cold–like but may in some cases include diarrhoes and abdominal and joint pains. A few days after the illness manifests itself the child's cheeks can turn red - hence the alternative name, slapped face syndrome - and then fade, to be followed by a rash on the extremities.

It mostly affects children between two years and younger teenagers but it can affect anyone of any age. It is highly infectious but the symptoms are relieved by paracetamol or ibuprofen.

For more information see: NHS Direct

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Fabry disease Fabry disease is a type of genetically inherited disease called a lysosomal storage disorder. Most people are affected only mildly but for others the condition can be life threatening. Its carriers can be male or female but its sufferers are usually only males. It is extremely rare in females.

It is inherited and causes the chemical GL-3 to accumulate, which then causes damage to the heart, kidneys and the brain. An enzyme called alpha-galactosidase that should break down GL-3 is either missing or defective and the GL-3 builds up unchecked in the walls of blood vessels all round the body. It can lead to kidney failure, heart disease and stroke and is a serious condition, although new kinds of enzyme replacement therapies have great promise for sufferers, although people who have an allergic reaction to the therapy will not be able to continue with the therapy.

For more information see: National Kidney Federation

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Facial Difference The reasons for facial difference or disfigurement may be many: burns, birthmarks, skin conditions and congenital anomalies such as Treacher-Collins syndrome and Sturge-Weber syndrome, for example. Individuals with a facial difference often lack self-confidence, but support and encouragement to improve self esteem can help significantly.

For more information see: AboutFace

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Fragile X Syndrome also known as Martin Bell syndrome, is more prevalent in boys than in girls. Fragile X is hereditary and caused by an abnormality in the X chromosome. Characteristics may be a large head with prominent ears, a long face, a large jaw with a high arched palate, double jointedness, and learning disabilities.

If fragile X is suspected, a blood test can be carried out to diagnose the syndrome.

For more information see: Fragile X Society

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Friedreich's Ataxia (see Ataxia) See Ataxia

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Gastro–oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD) Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD) is a common and painful condition that happens when acid escapes through the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) above the stomach and enters the oesophagus. This is called acid reflux and is most often termed indigestion or heartburn. If the condition is severe and remains untreated it can lead to oesophagitis.

The problem can arise in later life because of lifestyle, but all ages can be affected by hiatus hernia, where the LOS can fail to close correctly and thus allows stomach contents to enter the oesophagus. The stomach lines itself with mucus to protect against burning by stomach acid, but the oesophagus is not similarly protected and is therefore vulnerable to acid erosion. Babies, particularly those born prematurely, experience 'possetting', where the immature LOS permits milk and some of the stomach's contects to be regurgitated. This usually ceases by three months, although infants can remain affected for a period.

If you suspect that your child is suffering from acid reflux you should inform your GP. He should be able to prescribe a course of treatment to alleviate the symptoms and relieve any discomfort.

For more information see: NHS Direct

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Genetic Disorder Abnormalities in genes or chromosomes, usually present in all cells of the body from conception.

Chromosome abnormalities are responsible for disorders such as Down's syndrome, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter's syndrome.

Genetic abnormalities are responsible for disorders such as Cystic Fibrosis, Coeliac Disease and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

For more information see: NHS EQUIP

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Glandular fever also known as the 'kissing disease', is common in childhood. It lasts for up to two weeks but the virus remains in the body for the rest of the life of the one–time sufferer. There is a possibility of complications such as chronic fatigue syndrome.

It is caused by the Epstein–Barr virus that attacks the salivary glands and white blood cells, causing high fever, swollen glands around the body, sore throat, fatigue, headache and muscle aches, etc.

Rest, plenty of liquids and suitable medication, such as paracetamol, can help to relieve the symptoms.

For more information see: NHS Direct

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Glaucoma is a disease of the eye that affects the optic nerve, usually in individuals over 40 years old, although it can affect babies and children as well. Laser treatment and certain medicines can be effective. If left untreated glaucoma can progress to limited vision and even blindness.

For more information see: International Glaucoma Association

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Growth Hormone Deficiency is more common in boys than in girls. The growth hormone Somatotropin is produced in the pituitary gland at the base of the brain. Deficiency in its production can present different problems at various ages, such as: hypoglycemia, poor bone density, depression and lean body mass. A specialist known as an Endocrinologist can offer growth hormone replacement therapy as treatment.

There are many reasons for restricted growth including: Achondroplasia, Hyprochondroplasia, Spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia (SED), Diastrophic Dysplasia, Pseudochondroplasia, Conradi Syndrome, and Ellis-van Creveld syndrome.

For more information see: NHS Direct

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Guillain Barre syndrome is triggered usually by a viral illness or infection. It affects the peripheral nerves and causes symptoms such as numbness, unsteadiness and weakness of the limbs, starting at the feet and/or hands initially. It can cause loss of sensation and paralysis. Diagnosis is by lumbar puncture and treatment can be successful, especially if prompt. It can be life–threatening in children and in teens.

For more information see: GBS Support Group

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Health refers to the condition of the body or of the mind. To be healthy means that the body or mind is free of illness or disease.

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Hearing Impairment A hearing impairment is a full or partial decrease in the ability to detect or make sense of sounds. Hearing impairments are caused by a variety of factors. These can be hereditary, medical, social or environmental. Treatment of a hearing impairment depends on the cause. It could be a temporary condition such as an ear infection for which antibiotics or other treatment prescribed, or the hearing loss could be permanent requiring hearing aids to amplify sound. Where the hearing loss is more profound a cochlear implant may help.

For more information see: NHS Direct

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Heart Disease in children is a condition that causes the heart to function poorly. Abnormalities can be caused by a defect from birth. Congenital heart disease is the most common congenital condition diagnosed in newborns. Some abnormalities can be diagnosed before delivery by ante–natal scans, but many will present at, or after, birth.

In later life, poor diet, lack of proper exercise and activities such as smoking can cause heart disease.

For more information see: British Heart Foundation

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Hemiplegia affects approximately 1 in 1000 children and occurs when a part of the brain has been damaged. It may have happened during pregnancy or after birth. It causes the sufferer weakness to one side of the body, a lack of control, and stiffness. Other medical issues may also be present such as speech difficulties and problems with vision. Some causes of hemiplegia include stroke, type 2 diabetes, or can be as a result of an accident. Treatment of hemiplegia may usually be in the form of occupational therapy or physiotherapy.

For more information see: HemiHelp

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HIV/Aids HIV is the term used for Human Immunodeficiency Virus that gradually attacks and destroys a body's defences. Once those defences reach the point where they are no longer able to control a viral attack then Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is said to have set in. Advances in medication and new treatments are now available and it is more useful to use the term HIV infection. Almost all HIV–infected children acquire the virus from their mothers before or during birth or through breastfeeding. A small number of children also have been infected through sexual or physical abuse by HIV-infected adults.

For more information see: Global HIV Support Network

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Huntington's Disease also known as Huntington's Chorea and Chorea Major, is an inherited disorder which causes the loss of brain and spinal cells. Juvenile Huntington's Disease (JHD) refers to those who develops signs or symptoms of HD before they are 20 years old. It is relatively rare that people affected with HD will develop symptoms this young. This can make it quite an isolating experience for the person affected by HD, as well as their family and any professionals that are helping them.

Children with HD, and to a lesser extent teenagers, are more likely to show rigidity of the muscle rather than show the chorea (involuntary movements) that is often seen in adults with HD. Epilepsy can occur in some people with JHD, and this occurs more commonly than in adults with HD.

For more information see: Huntington's Disease Association

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a digestive disorder that causes abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, diarrhoea, and constipation — or a combination of these problems. In children and adolescents, girls and boys are equally affected and may be diarrhoea-predominant, constipation-predominant, or have a variable stool pattern.

Children with IBS may also have headache, nausea, or mucus in the stool. Weight loss may occur if a child eats less to try to avoid pain. Some children first develop symptoms after a stressful event.

There are several excellent sources for reference, including the Gut Trust (www.theguttrust.org) and the IBS Group (www.ibsgroup.org).

For more information see: Irritable Bowel Syndrome Self Help and Support Group

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Kidney disease Kidney disease lessens the kidney's ability to function properly. It can cause a range of symptoms: high blood pressure, nerve damage, weak bones and anaemia, for example. It can also lead to heart disease. Unfortunately, the conditions that lead to chronic kidney failure in children cannot easily be fixed. Often, the condition will develop so slowly that it goes unnoticed until the kidneys have been permanently damaged.

Treatment may slow down the progression of some diseases, but in many cases the child will eventually need dialysis or a transplant.

For information see Renal Disease.

For more information see: National Kidney Federation

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Leukaemia The term leukaemia refers to cancers of the white blood cells. When a child has leukaemia, large numbers of abnormal white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. These abnormal white cells cannot perform their proper role of protecting the body against disease. As leukaemia progresses, the cancer interferes with the body's production of other types of blood cells. This results in anaemia (low numbers of red cells) and bleeding problems. There is also an increased risk of infection caused by white cell abnormalities.

For more information see: Leukaemia CARE

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Liver Disease At least two children are diagnosed with a liver disease every day in the UK. There are more than 100 different liver diseases that can affect babies, children and young people. For most childhood liver diseases the cause is unknown. Symptoms can include jaundice, nausea, yellow urine, pale-coloured stools, change of sleep patterns, vomiting of blood or blood in the stools, abdominal swelling, lethargy, tiredness or general loss of stamina.

For more information see: Children's Liver Disease Association

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Lung Disease reduces the flow of air into or out of the lungs, causing a lack of oxygen absorption and an inability to expel carbon dioxide from the lungs.

Several conditions are classed as lung diseases: asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis, for example.

For more information see: British Lung Foundation

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Meningitis Meningitis is most often caused by a bacterial or viral infection, although fungal infections can also be responsible. The meninges of the brain and spinal cord become inflamed. The symptoms of Meningitis are a stiff neck, vomiting and nausea, severe headache, fever, a rash (the best known test for which is, the rash fails to disappear when a drinking–glass is pressed over it), dislike of bright lights, sleepy/difficult to wake, confusion and fits.

The two most commonly known types of meningitis are viral and bacterial, the latter (caused by meningococcal bacteria) being the more serious and can lead to convulsions, coma and even death. In children, the highest incidence of meningitis is between birth and 2 years, with the greatest risk immediately following birth and at 3-8 months. Increased exposure to infections and underlying immune system problems present at birth increase a child’s risk of meningitis. All infants should receive the primary Hib immunisation course which is given at 2, 3 and 4 months of age. Since 1999 there has been a programme to vaccinate for Meningitis C for under 20-year-olds.

For more information see: Meningitis Trust

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Mental Health Some children who find it hard to cope with the pressures of everyday life may display some of the following symptoms as a result: insomnia, nightmares, bed-wetting, disruptiveness in class, getting into fights, developing eating problems, becoming sad and depressed, fearful or resentful, trying to harm themselves, and relationships at home or with friends becoming difficult.

Your GP or health visitor can put you in touch with local services that are available to help, such as the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS).

For more information see: YoungMinds

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Miscellaneous Medical Conditions For those who have chronic, life-threatening or life-long medical conditions.

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Motor Neurone Disease Motor neurones are nerve cells which control muscles. In motor neurone disease (MND) it is these cells that are destroyed, causing muscle wasting and weakness.

As the disease progresses it can affect speech, breathing, swallowing, walking and other movements. Some of the types of MND are: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS), Progressive Muscular Atrophy (PMA), Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and Progressive Bulbar Palsy (PBP). As yet there is no cure for this progressive, potentially fatal disease, although there is a drug used with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis called Riluzole, which can in some cases extend life.

For more information see: Motor Neurone Disease Association

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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) was previously known as Encephalomyelitis Disseminata or Disseminated Sclerosis. It is a disease affecting the central nervous system. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) can cause, for example, muscle weakness, co-ordination, speech and visual problems and bladder and bowel difficulties. As yet there is no known cure but there are some therapies which can make a difference. Although MS is more common in adults between the ages of 20 and 50, it can affect children and teenagers.

Children with MS generally experience the same types of symptoms as adults, including cognitive difficulties that can interfere with school performance.

For more information see: Multiple Sclerosis Society

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Muscular Dystrophy (MD) Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a genetic disorder that gradually weakens the body's muscles due to faulty or missing genetic information. This prevents the body from making the proteins it needs to build and maintain healthy muscles.

A child with MD gradually loses the ability to walk, sit, breathe easily, and move arms and hands. There are several major forms of MD that can affect a child's muscles in different levels of severity. In some cases, MD starts causing muscle problems in infancy, while in others, symptoms don't appear until adulthood.

There are several types of muscular dystrophy affecting children, the commonest being Duchenne MD.

For more information see: Muscular Dystrophy Campaign

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Myalgic Encephalopathy (M.E.) also known as Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a very debilitating condition which affects mainly adults although children can also suffer the symptoms of ME.

The disorder can cause symptoms such as: chronic physical and mental tiredness, insomnia, muscle pain, joint pain, headaches and possibly chest or testicular pain. The onset of ME can be sudden or gradual. It may first present as flu–like symptoms.

The cause or causes of ME are as yet unknown but some subscribe to the idea that it may be a form of post-viral condition. Life expectancy is not believed to be shortened by ME.

For more information see: ME Association

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Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a condition affecting children or adolescents who, for at least six months, display defiant, disobedient and hostile behaviours particularly towards adults. ODD will usually cause problems at home, at school or in the community. Children sometimes go on to develop Conduct Disorder, though with intervention and treatment their behaviour can often be adjusted.

For more information see: Contact a Family

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Osteoporosis (and Juvenile Osteoporosis) is caused by poor bone mineral density and is a bone disease that increases the risks of fractures. The causes may include: ageing, hormonal disorders, and diet. Children can develop 'Juvenile' Osteoporosis. The condition can be treated with drugs and by changes to lifestyle.

For more information see: National Osteoporosis Society

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Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas is a large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine through a tube called the pancreatic duct. These enzymes include lipase which help digest fats and amylase that assists in the digestion of starches. The pancreas also releases hormones into the bloodstream which help the body use the glucose it takes from food for energy. Insulin and glucagon, both produced in the pancreas, help to reduce (insulin) and boost (glucagon) glucose levels in the blood.

Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe pain in the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, fever, and a rapid pulse. Chronic pancreatitis is rare in children. Trauma to the pancreas and hereditary pancreatitis are two known causes of childhood pancreatitis. Children with cystic fibrosis (CF), a progressive, disabling, and incurable, lung disease, may also have pancreatitis. More often the cause is not known.

For more information see: Pancreatitis Supporters' Network

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Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) There are two stages of Prader-Willi Syndrome: Hypotonia and Hyperphagia. The first stage (under six months old) presents an individual with difficulties eating and sleeping, whereas the second stage (two - four years old) will see the individual eating to excess.

Some of the other symptoms of this condition can include: almond shaped eyes with a squint (Strabismus); diabetes; moderate learning, speech and language difficulties; sleepiness; and behavioural problems.

PWS is caused by one of several faults on chromosome 15. It is incurable.

For more information see: Prader-Willi Syndrome Association (UK)

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Pre-eclampsia Pre-eclampsia can occur from 20 weeks onwards in pregnancy, during labour or soon after the birth. It is caused by a defect in the placenta that joins mother and baby. There are in the early stages no symptoms although it can be recognised in raised blood pressure and increased levels of protein in the urine. There are many different reasons why pre-eclampsia may occur and it can affect both mother and baby and is potentially fatal. Severe pre-eclampsia affects approximately one in every 50 pregnancies, however.

Mothers are more likely to be affected during a first pregnancy, thus increasing chances of suffering from it again in subsequent ones, although these are usually milder. Older women and obese women are more likely to suffer pre-eclampsia, and there is evidence that the chances of being affected by it can be inherited.

Treatment is usually in the form of delivery (birth) of the baby, or medicines can be used to help stabilise symptoms. Sometimes however, an abortion may be necessary.

For more information see: Action on Pre-eclampsia

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Pregnancy is when a woman is carrying an unborn child in her womb or uterus. Pregnancy lasts for approximately nine months, when the baby is then born. With regard to teenage pregnancy, the Government has set up a Teenage Pregnancy Strategy to tackle both the causes and consequences of teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancies are at their lowest rate for 20 years.

In 2006 the under-18 conception rate for England was 40.4 per 1000 girls aged 15-17.

For more information see: Every Child Matters

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Psoriasis is a non-contagious, yet recurring disease. It affects the skin, causing red, scaly patches, often sited on the elbows and knees, though it can affect any area. Psoriasis can also cause inflammation to the joints, and this is known as Psoriatic Arthritis.

A Dermatologist will establish an appropriate treatment or medication. If these are unsuccessful, ultra violet radiation (phototherapy) can be tried. If this too proves unsuccessful, another process of medication known as systemic treatment can be employed.

Psoriasis affects as many as 2 per cent of children aged two or above. Guttate psoriasis is common in children who have experienced an upper respiratory tract infection. The condition is not severe but it can take many weeks to disappear entirely.

For more information see: National Psoriasis Foundation

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Renal disease Also known as Chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Renal disease is when the function of one or both kidneys begins to decrease. The loss of function continues to progress in chronic renal disease. There are 5 stages of progression and by the 5th stage, a child may require dialysis or renal replacement therapy or transplant. These treatments can offer improved survival and a greater quality of life.

For more information see: National Kidney Federation

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Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) RP is a condition which leads to progressive visual loss. It is a group of inherited genetic eye conditions which can progress to night blindness and tunnel vision. RP does not always lead to blindness and the disease can be reduced sometimes by certain vitamin supplements.

For more information see: Foundation Fighting Blindness

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Rett syndrome Rett syndrome is a complex neurological disorder and affects mainly girls - about 1 in 10,000. Rett syndrome is present at birth and becomes more evident by the time the child is two, although it could be another few years before a diagnosis is made.

Children with Rett syndrome develop fairly normally at first and then go through a period of regression, losing skills previously acquired. The severity of the disability is variable, but most people with Rett syndrome are profoundly disabled and require high levels of support throughout their lives.

Most girls with RS go on to adulthood.

For more information see: Rett Syndrome Association UK

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Schizophrenia is a mental disorder which can present the following symptoms in an individual: hallucinations, delusions, paranoia and lethargy. Treatment can be in the form of medication or in severe cases, hospitalisation may help either as a short-term patient or occasionally as a long-term patient. Support services also play a part, offering support groups, visits, drop-in centres and supported employment.

For more information see: Schizophrenia.com

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Scoliosis is a condition which affects the spine. It causes curvature either from side to side or from front to back. Scoliosis may be present from birth and caused by congenital abnormalities, or may be the result of another condition such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida. There are different treatments and methods of management for scoliosis, depending on the severity of the curvature, which include: braces, chiropractic and physical therapy, electronic muscle stimulation, exercise or surgery.

For more information see: Scoliosis Association UK

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Sickle Cell Disorders The condition normally affects only the descendants of African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, Indian or African-Caribbean people and occurs when there are abnormalities in the haemoglobin. This affects the shape of the red blood cells which can then become stuck when trying to pass through various blood vessels.

There are several sickle cell disorders, the most common of which is Sickle Cell Anaemia. These lifelong disorders are inherited, genetic conditions and some of the symptoms would include: painful joints/bones or pain in the abdomen. Prior to this, an individual may have been suffering infections.

A sickle cell disorder can cause problems such as: leg ulcers, strokes and jaundice. Treatment can be in the form of antibiotics (either intravenously or orally) and zinc, various medicines and painkillers are also used in the management of the condition.

For more information see: Sickle Cell Society

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Special Educational Needs (SEN) describes individuals who, due to a disability or learning difficulty need extra help at school in order to be able to access the full curriculum.

Special educational needs may be temporary or may be lifelong.

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Speech Language and Communication Difficulties There are more than one million children and young adults in the UK who are affected by speech, language and communication difficulties. Some may have difficulties in understanding language (receptive), some in using language (expressive) and some in both understanding and using language.

Sometimes these difficulties are related to other disabilities i.e. Down's syndrome, hearing impairment, etc. However, a speech and language difficulty may be totally unrelated to other disabilities and this is known as a specific language difficulty. Early intervention is vital to assist the child in their development of speech and language.

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Spina bifida Spina Bifida means 'split spine'. This condition occurs when the bones which should surround a protective layer around the spinal cord in early pregnancy, are not properly formed. This results in the nerves bulging out of the unborn baby's back and becoming damaged.

Although Its causes are unknown but are believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

For more information see: Association for Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus

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Stammering (Stuttering) is also known as stuttering and is a speech and communication difficulty. Stammering occurs when a child is unable to commence or complete, without break or interruption, what it is that they wish to say. The break/breaks in speech may leave the sufferer 'stuck' in one particular place in the sentence, repeating several times the same sound, syllable or even word. Speech and language therapy can prove helpful and anti-stuttering medications and electronic fluency devices are other forms of treatment.

See the British Stammering Association's website (www.stammering.org) or that of the Stuttering Foundation

For more information see: Stuttering Foundation

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Stroke (incl Infant & Childhood Stroke) A stroke occurs when the blood supply to any part of the brain is interrupted, resulting in tissue death and loss of brain function. If blood flow is interrupted for longer than a few seconds, brain cells can die, causing permanent damage. Contrary to common belief, strokes are not just a suffered by older people. Babies and children can have them and they can even occur before a child is born. Infant and Childhood stroke is a major cause of hemiplegia, hemiparesis, or hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

Of the estimated 150,000 people who suffer stroke each year in the UK, most affected are people over 65.

For more information see: Children's Hemiplegia & Stroke Association

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Thyroid Disorders The thyroid gland, found in the neck, produces the hormones Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine. These hormones control the speed at which the body's stored energy is burnt, produce proteins and control the body's sensitivity towards other hormones.

The most common disorders in the thyroid gland are: Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and Hyperthyoidism (overactive thyroid).

The symptoms of hypothyroidism can include: brittle hair, slow heart rate, constipation and puffy eyelids. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism can include: faster growth, increased appetite, weight loss and diarrhoea.

Both disorders can be treated by specialists, or Thyroidologists. Treatment may be in the form of medication, surgery or a therapy known as radioiodine therapy.

For more information see: British Thyroid Foundation

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Tinnitus is when someone hears sounds or noises which are not actually present externally, but which are created internally. Tinnitus can affect one ear or both. The sound/noise might be ringing, buzzing or whistling. The causes of tinnitus may be from wax or infections in the ear or from an injury or damage to the auditory system, possibly caused by excessive noise/personal stereos/industrial noise. People of all ages can experience tinnitus. A child with tinnitus may think that tinnitus is normal and may not realise that many people experience it. Some children tend to ignore it and others are unaware of it and so they do not become distressed. It would appear that childhood tinnitus rarely continues into adulthood.

Meniere's disease causes intermittent increases in the amount of fluid in the inner ear and can lead to tinnitus, vertigo and deafness.

For more information see: British Tinnitus Association

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Tourette Syndrome (TS) may cause a person to involuntarily repeat sounds, movements or to have tics. It is a disorder of the central nervous system which as yet has no cure, but medication, relaxation techniques and other therapies can help to alleviate symptoms. It can be inherited or it may appear sporadically.

In more marked cases sufferers can be caused to jump, spin round and call out words - often repeating words or phrases said by others (echolalia) - and in rare examples, obscenities (coprolalia). Psychological problems associated with Tourette syndrome include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

For more information see: Tourette Syndrome (UK) Association

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Toxoplasmosis is caused by a common parasite called Toxoplasma Gondii. The disease can affect humans but is hosted by most birds and warm-blooded mammals. It is most commonly associated with cats, however.

Eating infected meat or ingesting the faeces of an infected cat is how the disease is most often transmitted. Symptoms are usually noticed as flu–like although there may be no obvious symptoms and the disease may go unnoticed. As many as half of the world's population is said to be infected. In otherwise healthy people the immune system keeps the parasite in check. It is in those whose immune system is compromised, or in babies born to infected mothers, that toxoplasmosis can cause major problems.

When a pregnant woman (even one who has no symptoms) is infected with toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and remains untreated, there's a chance that she could pass the infection on to her developing foetus. Babies who become infected during their mother's first trimester tend to have the most severe symptoms which could include jaundice, anaemia, rash, and in more severe cases abnormalities in the brain and nervous system causing seizures and mental retardation.

For more information see: NHS Direct

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Tracheostomy (or tracheotomy) This procedure involves making an incision in the neck and then in the windpipe (trachea), creating an artificial opening and airway. The opening is kept apart by the insertion of a tracheostomy tube.

The procedure is often carried out in emergencies by paramedics, doctors and surgeons, although it may be performed after a patient has undergone other tests/investigations which then prove the procedure necessary.

For more information see: Aaron's Tracheostomy Page

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Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS) TCS is a rare genetic disorder affecting roughly 1 in every 10,000 births. It is characterised by craniofacial abnormalities which means that certain sections of the skull are underdeveloped, affecting the cheekbones, jaws, mouth, eyes and ears.

For more information see: Treacher Collins Syndrome

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Tuberculosis (TB) Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease. It is passed between people when a carrier coughs or sneezes, although it is not easily caught. Most TB infections affect the lungs, but can also affect the circulatory, lymphatic and nervous systems.

TB is often recognised initially by bloodstained phlegm, loss of appetite and weight, tiredness, fever, chest pain, prolonged coughing and swollen lymph glands.

Although the disease is treatable and even curable with medication, resistance to drugs is a growing problem. The World Health Organization has reported that multi-drug resistant TB is a growing threat and new treatments could require the use of highly toxic drugs.

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Turner Syndrome (TS) occurs in girls when the second X chromsome is either abnormal or absent. Some of the symptoms of the syndrome (which can differ between individuals) are: low set ears, small fingernails, short stature, turned out elbows and drooping eyelids. Treatments such as Growth Hormone and Oestrogen Replacement Therapy can reduce symptoms, though there is as yet no cure.

For more information see: Turner Syndrome Support Society

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Visual Impairment A child is described as having a visual impairment if they are partially-sighted or blind and their vision cannot be fully restored with medical treatment, surgery, or corrective lenses like glasses or contacts lenses.

For more information see: Action for Blind People

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